Practice Questions

89. A patient with Parkinson’s disease experiences tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. What is the technical primary pathophysiological defect?

A. Accumulation of amyloid plaques.

B. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. ✓

C. Demyelination of nerve fibers.

D. Increased acetylcholine production.

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Jun 6, 2026

88. A patient with acute kidney injury is diagnosed with pre-renal azotemia. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause?

A. Obstruction of the urinary tract.

B. Reduced renal perfusion (e.g., due to hypovolemia or decreased cardiac output). ✓

C. Direct damage to kidney tubules.

D. Glomerular inflammation.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

87. A patient with diverticulitis presents with left lower quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis. What is the technical primary pathophysiological event?

A. Inflammation of diverticula (outpouchings) in the colon, often due to fecal impaction. ✓

B. Gastric ulceration.

C. Appendicitis.

D. Inflammatory bowel disease.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

86. A patient with iron deficiency anemia presents with pallor, fatigue, and spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia). What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the anemia?

A. Impaired red blood cell production due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin synthesis. ✓

B. Increased red blood cell destruction.

C. Vitamin B12 deficiency.

D. Bone marrow failure.

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Jun 6, 2026

84. A patient with a large pleural effusion presents with dyspnea and diminished breath sounds over the affected lung. What is the technical primary pathophysiological reason for the dyspnea?

A. Bronchospasm.

B. Compression of the lung by fluid in the pleural space, limiting lung expansion. ✓

C. Alveolar inflammation.

D. Pulmonary embolism.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

83. A patient with a history of stroke develops post-stroke spasticity. From a technical pathophysiological perspective, spasticity is caused by:

A. Loss of muscle strength.

B. Damage to upper motor neurons, leading to increased muscle tone and hyperreflexia. ✓

C. Peripheral nerve damage.

D. Muscle atrophy.

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Jun 6, 2026

82. A patient with acute cholecystitis presents with severe right upper quadrant pain, fever, and nausea. What is the technical primary pathophysiological event?

A. Pancreatic inflammation.

B. Gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct, leading to inflammation of the gallbladder. ✓

C. Gastric ulceration.

D. Appendicitis.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

81. A patient with uncompensated metabolic acidosis has low blood pH and low bicarbonate. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the acidosis?

A. Hyperventilation.

B. Increased production or decreased excretion of metabolic acids. ✓

C. Overproduction of CO2?.

D. Excessive loss of chloride.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

80. A patient with a history of valvular heart disease develops infective endocarditis. What is the technical primary pathophysiological process?

A. Autoimmune inflammation of the heart valves.

B. Bacterial colonization and vegetation formation on damaged heart valves. ✓

C. Degeneration of heart valve tissue.

D. Increased pressure in the heart chambers.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

79. A patient with chronic heart failure is prescribed spironolactone. From a medicinal perspective, what is the technical pathophysiological mechanism of spironolactone?

A. Loop diuretic.

B. Aldosterone antagonist, reducing sodium and water retention and potassium loss. ✓

C. Beta-blocker.

D. ACE inhibitor.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

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Practice Questions

89. A patient with Parkinson’s disease experiences tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. What is the technical primary pathophysiological defect?

88. A patient with acute kidney injury is diagnosed with pre-renal azotemia. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause?

87. A patient with diverticulitis presents with left lower quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis. What is the technical primary pathophysiological event?

86. A patient with iron deficiency anemia presents with pallor, fatigue, and spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia). What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the anemia?

84. A patient with a large pleural effusion presents with dyspnea and diminished breath sounds over the affected lung. What is the technical primary pathophysiological reason for the dyspnea?

83. A patient with a history of stroke develops post-stroke spasticity. From a technical pathophysiological perspective, spasticity is caused by:

82. A patient with acute cholecystitis presents with severe right upper quadrant pain, fever, and nausea. What is the technical primary pathophysiological event?

81. A patient with uncompensated metabolic acidosis has low blood pH and low bicarbonate. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the acidosis?

80. A patient with a history of valvular heart disease develops infective endocarditis. What is the technical primary pathophysiological process?

79. A patient with chronic heart failure is prescribed spironolactone. From a medicinal perspective, what is the technical pathophysiological mechanism of spironolactone?

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