Practice Questions

58. A patient experiences sudden onset of unilateral facial weakness, affecting both the forehead and the lower face, inability to close the eye on the affected side. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause?

A. Stroke.

B. Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial nerve paralysis). ✓

C. Trigeminal neuralgia.

D. Myasthenia gravis.

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Jun 6, 2026

57. A patient with severe sepsis develops acute kidney injury. What is the critical underlying pathophysiological mechanism of AKI in sepsis?

A. Prerenal azotemia due to hypovolemia.

B. Postrenal obstruction.

C. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to renal hypoperfusion and inflammatory mediators. ✓

D. Glomerulonephritis.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

56. A patient with cirrhosis develops esophageal varices. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism leading to variceal formation?

A. Decreased synthetic function of the liver.

B. Portal hypertension, causing collateral circulation and dilation of esophageal veins. ✓

C. Inflammation of the esophagus.

D. Gastric acid reflux.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

55. A medicinal approach to managing hypertension involves a calcium channel blocker. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism of action of this drug class?

A. Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors.

B. Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme.

C. Blocks calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac contractility. ✓

D. Increases sodium excretion.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

54. A patient with uncompensated respiratory acidosis (e.g., due to severe COPD exacerbation) has low blood pH and high PCO2?. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the acidosis?

A. Excessive production of lactic acid.

B. Impaired alveolar ventilation and CO2? retention. ✓

C. Loss of bicarbonate from the kidneys.

D. Overproduction of ketone bodies.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

53. A patient with Cushing’s syndrome presents with central obesity, moon facies, buffalo hump, and striae. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of these clinical manifestations?

A. Adrenal insufficiency.

B. Excess glucocorticoid (cortisol) production. ✓

C. Excess aldosterone production.

D. Thyroid hormone deficiency.

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Jun 6, 2026

52. A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) presents with oliguria, elevated creatinine, and electrolyte imbalances. From a clinical perspective, what is the urgency in determining the cause of AKI?

A. To identify the underlying cause (pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal) to guide urgent specific management. ✓

B. To immediately start dialysis.

C. To administer large volumes of fluids.

D. To prescribe antibiotics.

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Jun 6, 2026

51. A patient with a history of alcohol abuse develops acute pancreatitis. What is the technical primary pathophysiological event leading to the inflammation?

A. Autoimmune attack on the pancreas.

B. Obstruction of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone.

C. Premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. ✓

D. Bacterial infection.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

50. A patient with a history of atherosclerosis develops angina pectoris. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism causing the chest pain?

A. Myocardial cell necrosis.

B. Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. ✓

C. Pericardial inflammation.

D. Esophageal spasm.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

49. A patient with newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has elevated fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance. What is the technical pathophysiological defect primarily responsible for insulin resistance?

A. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

B. Decreased insulin production.

C. Impaired cellular response to insulin, leading to inadequate glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. ✓

D. Excess glucagon secretion.

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mintcream-chough-797767.hostingersite.com BS Nursing

Jun 6, 2026

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Practice Questions

58. A patient experiences sudden onset of unilateral facial weakness, affecting both the forehead and the lower face, inability to close the eye on the affected side. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause?

57. A patient with severe sepsis develops acute kidney injury. What is the critical underlying pathophysiological mechanism of AKI in sepsis?

56. A patient with cirrhosis develops esophageal varices. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism leading to variceal formation?

55. A medicinal approach to managing hypertension involves a calcium channel blocker. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism of action of this drug class?

54. A patient with uncompensated respiratory acidosis (e.g., due to severe COPD exacerbation) has low blood pH and high PCO2?. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the acidosis?

53. A patient with Cushing’s syndrome presents with central obesity, moon facies, buffalo hump, and striae. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of these clinical manifestations?

52. A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) presents with oliguria, elevated creatinine, and electrolyte imbalances. From a clinical perspective, what is the urgency in determining the cause of AKI?

51. A patient with a history of alcohol abuse develops acute pancreatitis. What is the technical primary pathophysiological event leading to the inflammation?

50. A patient with a history of atherosclerosis develops angina pectoris. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism causing the chest pain?

49. A patient with newly diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has elevated fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance. What is the technical pathophysiological defect primarily responsible for insulin resistance?

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