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Practice Questions

A deficiency in Vitamin D can impair calcium absorption, leading to weakened bones. Vitamin D’s primary role in bone health is to:

A. Directly strengthen bones.
B. Stimulate osteoclast activity.
C. Promote calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestine. ✓
D. Promote protein synthesis.
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Jun 6, 2026

The primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration is to:

A. Synthesize glucose.
B. Produce lactate.
C. Generate a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis. ✓
D. Break down fatty acids.
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Jun 6, 2026

The nitrogenous base common to both DNA and RNA is:

A. Thymine
B. Uracil
C. Adenine
D. Guanine ✓
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Jun 6, 2026

A solution with a high concentration of hydrogen ions will have a:

A. High pH
B. Low pH ✓
C. Neutral pH
D. Variable pH
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Jun 6, 2026

A protein that exists as a complex of multiple polypeptide chains (e.g., hemoglobin with four subunits) exhibits which level of protein structure?

A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Quaternary ✓
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Jun 6, 2026

The enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the electron transport chain, transferring electrons to oxygen to form water, is:

A. ATP synthase
B. Cytochrome c oxidase ✓
C. NADH dehydrogenase
D. Succinate dehydrogenase
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Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a diet very low in carbohydrates may enter a state where the body produces ketone bodies from fatty acid breakdown to use as an alternative energy source. This process is called:

A. Glycolysis
B. Lipogenesis
C. Ketogenesis ✓
D. Gluconeogenesis
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Jun 6, 2026

The process of joining two smaller molecules together to form a larger one, typically removing a water molecule, is called:

A. Hydrolysis
B. Condensation (dehydration synthesis) ✓
C. Oxidation
D. Reduction
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Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a genetic defect in a mitochondrial enzyme cannot perform the Krebs Cycle efficiently. This would severely impair the cell’s ability to produce:

A. Glucose
B. Fatty acids
C. Large amounts of ATP aerobically ✓
D. Lactic acid
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Jun 6, 2026

The metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH, is:

A. Krebs Cycle
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Glycolysis ✓
D. Gluconeogenesis
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Jun 6, 2026
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